Experimental seed addition in a small field study resulted in no seedling establishment after three years (Brudvig et al. 2011); however preferred habitat is prairie and open woodlands (Barkley 1986), and likely there was too little light in this forested study.
Cullina (2000) reports that when seeded into pots, seedlings came up well, and flowered the following summer.
Has low seed output and limited vegetative spread (Barkely 1986, Gleason and Cronquist 1991).
Pollination and insect support: Shallow nectaries allow access to small beneficial flies and wasps. The syrphid fly Toxomerus marginatus visits the flowers. A host plant for black swallowtail butterflies (Vento-Feldman, J. 2020).
Fun fact: Larvae of the syrphid flies prey on pests such as aphids (Vento-Feldman, J. 2020). .
