Six transplants added to a woodland degraded by cattle grazing in Wisconsin were "well established" and had reproduced within the eight years that they were monitored (the authors did not report number of years to reproduction) (Ellarson and Craven 1982) . (Ellarson and Craven 1982) .
Once established bloodroot can have high vegetative spread from elongate, forking rhizomes (Fernald 1970, Sperka 1973), although one measure of spread was only 0.26 in/year (Whitford 1951). Increased vegetative spread (clonal growth) may be associated woith an increase in light and soil nutrients (disturbance) (Marino et al. 1997).
Produces few seeds per plant (Barkely 1986, Gleason and Cronquist 1991). Seeds self-sow (Marino et al.) and are ant dispersed (Steyermark 1963); seeds may not germinate until 2nd or 3rd year (Baskin and Baskin 1986).
