Transplants in a field study had 53% survival after 7 years (Mottl et al. 2006).
Mature plants transplanted in the field had 70-83% survival after two years (Golay et al. 2013, Altricher et al. 2020), and continued high survival in year 3 (Altricher et al. 2020).
Ant dispersed; low seed output (Barkely 1986, Gleason and Cronquist 1991); self-sows (Mottl 2006, Altricher et al. 2020).
Radicles emerge from the seed in fall and become dormant; cotyledons do not emerge until seeds and radicles have undergone cold stratification (ipicotyl dormancy). To germinate seeds, collect upon maturity and sow immediately under shade and cover with leaves, keep moist (Baskin and Baskin 1986).
Forms dense colonies from a creeping rootstock (Blanchan 1900, Runkel and Bull 2009).
Fun fact: "Fetid" flower odor helps to attract gnats and small flies from maggots laying under the leaf litter in early spring (Blanchan 1900).
