Mature transplants added to a woodland degraded by cattle grazing in Wisconin were "healthy" in the six years that the plants were monitored, and with low mortality; the authors did not report whether they reproduced (Ellarson and Craven 1982) .

Excellent germination and survival (Mottl 2000); lower survival with dense competing plants (Mabry, personal observation).

Seed output and vegetative spread low (Barkely 1986, Gleason and Cronquist 1991); root a fibrous tight clump (Runkel and Bull 2009).