Of 330 seeds planted in a central Iowa demographic study, 133 (40%) germinated and 14 plants survivied to year 5; one flowered, after 16 years (Mabry 2023). Introduce to restoration site by transplants.

Transplant survival was 94% after 7 years in a Michigan study (DeJong et al. 2017).

Has low seed output but extensive vegetative spread (Barkely 1986, Gleason and Cronquist 1991), increasing by 5.4 in/year (Whitford 1951).

Fun fact: "Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina) are the only seed dispersal agents so far identified. Turtle-ingested seeds germinate faster and have a higher probability of success than noningested seeds" (Rust and Roth 1981).