Of 330 seeds planted in a central Iowa demographic study, 133 (40%) germinated and 14 plants survivied to year 5; one flowered, after 16 years (Mabry in prep.). Introduce to restoration site by transplants.

Mature transplants added to a woodland degraded by cattle grazing in Wisconin were "well established" within the eight years that the plants were monitored, but the authors did not report whether they reproduced (Ellarson and Craven 1982).

Has low seed output but extensive vegetative spread (Barkely 1986, Gleason and Cronquist 1991).