Of 240 seeds planted in a central Iowa demographic study, 20 (8.3%) germinated and 7 plants survivied to year 5; 5 flowered after an average of 2 years, establishing a new population (Mabry in prep.).

Has low seed output and limited vegetative spread (Barkely 1986, Gleason and Cronquist 1991), but may have scattered tubors that give rise to new plants (Runkel and Bull 2009).